House of Orange-Nassau

By the time the Kingdom of the Netherlands was finally established in 1815 (it initially included Belgium), Amsterdam was struggling, but philanthropists like Samuel Sarphati (banks, construction, the Amstel Hotel) and Paul van Vlissingen (steamships and engineering) got the city moving again. Trams and bicycles arrived in the 1880s, and arts and architecture in Gothic, Renaissance and Baroque-inspired styles blossomed.

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